MUGE 101 General Education for Human Development 2(1-2-3)
The meaning, significance, and relation of General Education to other vocational/specific subjects; the relation between behavior and mentality; critical thinking; the qualifications of ideal graduates; analysis of causes and consequences of events/situations/problems; synthesis of solutions to, precautions against, or improvements in those events/situations to benefit individuals and their community; and the application of knowledge to solve the problems of case studies
MUGE 102 Social Studies for Human Development 3(2-2-5)
Basic principles and theory in relation to events / situations / major problems of the Thai and global communities, for example, evolution of civilization; important events in historical, political and public administration systems; the economic and health systems, etc.; analysis of causes and consequences of events / situations / problems; synthesis of solutions to, precautions against, or improvements in those events / situations to benefit individuals and their community; and the application of knowledge to solve the problems of case studies
MUGE 103 Arts and Sciences for Human Developments 2(1-2-3)
Humankind in the past, present and future; events/situations/problems in relation to the evolution of the arts and sciences in the Thai and global communities; concepts of the sufficiency economy; analysis of causes and consequences of events/situations/problems; synthesis of solutions to, precautions against, or improvements in those events/situations to benefit individuals and their community; and the application of knowledge to solve the problems of case studies
KAGE 260 Administration and Organization Management 3(3-0-6)
Principles of management, the roles of managers in planning, organizing, leading, directing, motivating, communicating, coordinating, and controlling in order to achieve the organization goals. Introduction to economics, demand-supply, equilibrium, elasticity and category of goods, market system in economics, production cost, national income account, economic growth, elementary finance, how to read financial statements, the important financial rations, financial planning, investment, investment diversification.
SHSS 161 Policy and Planning 2(2-0-4)
A study of basic concepts and analysis of public policy and planning; models of policy designs, alternative analysis techniques and their respective impact; analysis of relationships of policy making and planning at all levels; analysis of related behavior, including relationships and dynamics of power.
LAEN 100 Arts of Using Thai Language in Communication 3(2-2-5)
Art of using Thai language and of speaking, listening, reading, writing, and thinking skills for accurate and appropriate communication
LAEN 103 English Level 1 3(2-2-5)
Grammar and vocabulary in the context of daily life language use, dealing with integration in four basic skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) and classroom communication
LAEN 104 English Level 2 3(2-2-5)
Vocabulary, expressions, grammar, and contextualized social language; essential communicative skills in small groups; writing practice at a paragraph level; and reading strategies
LAEN 105 English Level 3 3(2-2-5)
Reading passages and writing at sentence and paragraph levels about proportion, frequency and probability, shape, measurement, comparison and contrast, definition and classification; coherence, unity and transition; listening comprehension; listening for the main idea; listening for specific details; and making inferences
LAEN 106 English Level 4 3(2-2-5)
Integration in four language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing; listening comprehension for main ideas and detailed information; topic-oriented discussion; reading passages on various topics and making conclusion; and writing systematically about particular issues of those at the sentence and paragraphs levels
KAEL 211 English for Project Writing and Presentation 3(3-0-6)
Using English in writing and presenting projects by integrating four language learning strategies: listening, speaking, writing, and reading in order to understand the process of project preparation such as sharing opinions, brainstorming, searching for information, collecting data and writing reports, as well as, knowing techniques to prepare for project presentations in conferences.
KAEL 212 English for Research 3(3-0-6)
Grammar, vocabulary, expressions, and learning strategies in writing, reading, listening, and speaking skills in scientific and social science research contexts
KAGE 201 Natural resources and environment 3(3-0-6)
Origin of the Earth, environment and ecosystem, influences of geography and climate on human, biodiversity, biological resources, water resource, soil resource, mineral resource, energy resource, recreation resources, disaster and pollution problem, and environmental protection and sustainable development
SCMA 111 Calculus 2(2-0-4)
Limits, differentiation, continuity, applications of differentiation, integration, logarithm and exponential functions, inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, techniques of integration, applications of integration, improper integrals, L’Hopital’s rule, functions of several variables and partial derivatives, total differentials and total derivatives, antiderivatives and integration, techniques of integration, improper integrals, applications of integration
SCMA 166 Ordinary Differential Equations 3(3-0-6)
Complex variables, introduction to ordinary differential equations, linear first order differential equations, nonlinear first order differential equations, applications of second order equations, higher order linear equations, systems of linear equations, matrices, determinants, vector spaces, linear transformations, applications in sciences
KAID 209 Introduction to Statistics 2(2-0-4)
Probability, random variables and probability distributions, mathematical expectation, special probability distributions, descriptive statistics, sampling distributions, point estimation, interval estimation, hypothesis testing, elementary use of statistical software
SCCH 135 General Chemistry I 2(2-0-4)
Atomic structure, atomic theory, electron configuration, chemical bonding, gases, liquids, solids, solutions, colloids, chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics
SCCH 118 Chemistry Laboratory I 1(0-2-1)
General techniques in chemistry and some experiments that are related to lectures such as determination of gas constant, crystal models, freezing point depression, thermochemistry, determination of an order of reaction
SCCH 136 General Chemistry II 3(3-0-6)
Gasses, solids, liquids and solutions, electrochemistry, periodic table, representative elements, and transition elements, nuclear chemistry and organic chemistry
SCCH 109 Chemistry Laboratory II 1(0-3-1)
Acid-base titration, simple qualitative analysis and some experiments that are related to lectures
KAID 216 Basic Organic Chemistry 3(3-0-6)
Bonding and molecular structure of organic compounds, nomenclature, reactions of organic compounds, stereochemistry, synthesis and reactions of alkane, cycloalkane, alkene, cycloalkene, alkyne, aromatic hydrocarbon, halide, alcohol, phenol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid and their derivatives, amine.
KAID 218 Organic Chemistry Laboratory 1(0-3-1)
Experiments of basic organic chemistry include recrystallization, melting point, distillation, extraction and chromatography, solubility classification, use of models to study stereochemistry of organic substance, reactions of hydrocarbons, reaction of alcohols and phenols, reactions of aldehydes and ketones, reactions of carboxylic acids and derivatives, reactions of amines
KAID 231 Basic Biochemistry 3(3-0-6)
Origin of life, structure and function properties of carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes and coenzyme, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins and minerals as well as their metabolic pathways, synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, mechanisms of gene expression, molecular biology techniques, hormones and applications of biochemistry in food and plants
KAID 232 Basic Biochemistry Laboratory 1(0-2-1)
Principle and technique of spectroscopy, pH measurement and buffer preparation, properties measurement of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, enzyme kinetic, the determination of vitamin C from fruits including yeast metabolisms
SCBI 124 General Biology I 2(2-0-4)
Basic concepts in biology, carbon and the molecular diversity of life, cell structure and function, energy and metabolism, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, principles of heredity, molecular biology of gene, evolution, population genetics, ecology and conservation biology
SCBI 102 Biology Laboratory I 1(0-3-1)
Microscopy, cell structure and function, tissue, cell division, genetics and natural selection, ecology, and behavior
SCBI 125 General Biology II 3(3-0-6)
Biodiversity and diversity status of Thailand, classification and diversity of Eubacteria, Archaea and Eukarya, reproduction, embryo development and organogenesis, animal form and function such as food procurement and digestion, respiratory system, circulatory system, immune system, homeostasis, hormones, and nervous system
SCBI 104 Biology Laboratory II 1(0-3-1)
Classification of plants, invertebrates and chordates, process of development and regeneration, anatomy of frogs, hormone control and homeostasis, nervous system and control, Laboratory examination is required
KAFT 347 General Microbiology 3(3-0-6)
Basic knowledge of microorganisms, particularly bacteria and fungi, regarding shape, structure and functions, physiology and genetics, microbial classification and taxonomy; host-microorganism interaction, control and immunity; sterilization and disinfection; importance and application of major microorganisms in agriculture, industry, environment and public health
KAFT 348 General Microbiology Laboratory 1(0-3-1)
Laboratory experiments on aseptic techniques and laboratory safety, staining techniques, morphological examination of microorganisms by microscope, preparation of media, isolation of pure culture, selection, classification, culture, growth and preservation of microorganisms
SCPY 167 Physics for Applied Science I 3(3-0-6)
Mechanics: Kinematics of particles, dynamics of particles, work and energy, linear momentum and collisions, rotational motions, elastic properties of matters, oscillatory motion.
Fluid mechanics: Fluids statics, fluid dynamics.
Thermodynamics: Temperature and heat, the first law of thermodynamics, entropy and the second law of thermodynamics.
Wave: Wave motion, reflection, refraction, superposition of waves, sound and hearing, Doppler effect of sound, standing waves, resonance, electromagnetic wave
SCPY 110 General Physics Laboratory 1(0-3-1)
Elementary level of experiments designed to accompany some topics in Physics for Applied Science I & II (SCPY 167 and SCPY 168)
SCPY 168 Physics for Applied Science II 3(3-0-6)
Optics: Geometrical optics, physical optics
Electricity and magnetism: Electric force, electric field, Gauss’s law, electric potential, capacitor, magnetic force, magnetic field, electromagnetic induction, basic electric circuits.
Quantum mechanics: Blackbody radiation, photoelectric effect, Compton effect, atomic spectra, de Broglie’s hypothesis (wave—particle duality), wave function, Schrodinger’s wave equation, hydrogen atom, laser.
Nuclear physics: Nuclear structure, mass-energy equivalence, binding energy, nuclear forces, radioactive decay, nuclear reaction, interaction of radiation with matter, radiation detection and measurement, classification of particles.
Astrophysics: Solar system, universe, stars
KACB 201 General Ecology 3(2-3-5)
Analysis of function and structure in the ecosystem, nutrient cycling, energy flow, and trophic level, environmental impact assessment in Thailand i.e. population growth, natural resource problem, agriculture product, deforestation, land uses and pollution. Laboratory studies on the structure of plant and animal communities, and abiotic factors
KACB 202 Field Techniques in Ecology and Conservation Biology I 1(0-5-0)
Basic field laboratory in conservation biology and biodiversity monitoring techniques
KACB 203 Earth Science 2(1-2-3)
Space, solar system, the planet Earth and the moon, plate tectonics, continental drift, Earth’s interior structure, rocks and minerals, soils, seawater and freshwater resources, atmosphere, biosphere, and topics in Earth system such as precipitation and rainfall, ocean circulation, climate and weather, earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption, and the geologic and biological timeline
KACB 204 Plant Diversity and Systematics 2(2-0-4)
Introduction to evolution, diversity of green plants, land plants, vascular plants, woody plants, seed plants, and flowering plants, endemic plant species especially in limestone mountain range, concept in plant systematics, evidence and tools in systematic, and benefits of plant systematic in conservation
KACB 211 Introduction to Botany 3(2-3-5)
Definition of botany, importance, subdisciplines of botany, diversity and evolution of plant, theory and laboratory of plant anatomy, morphology, taxonomy, ecology, physiology, and genetics
KACB 214 General Zoology 3(2-3-5)
Morphology, physiology, taxonomy, ecology and evolution of Protozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata. Laboratory exercises are includes.
KACB 301 Principles of Conservation Biology 3(3-0-6)
History of conservation biology; the values, level, patterns, processes, losses, and monitoring of biodiversity; conservation ethics; the species in conservation; genetics conservation; population demography; habitat-specific demography; disturbances and community structure; invasive species; habitat fragmentation; conservation and human concerns; ecosystem management and adaptive management; politics and economics in conservation
KACB 302 Field Techniques in Ecology and Conservation Biology II 1(0-5-0)
Advance field training in conservation biology; biodiversity conservation; biodiversity monitoring, field trip at research site
KACB 303 Reproduction and General Genetics 4(4-0-8)
Mendelian genetics; extension of mendelian genetics; reproduction and cell division; mitosis and meiosis; continuous inheritance; extranuclear inheritance; human genetics and pedigree analysis; sex determination and sex chromosomes; chromosome variation in structure and number; molecular genetics; transcription, translationand mutation; microbial genetics; developmental genetics and immunogenetics; population genetics; species concepts and speciation; conservation genetics
KACB 304 Basic Cell and Molecular Biology 4(3-3-7)
Principles of the structure, function, of organelles, physiology of the cell as well as concept of molecular biology of the cell, characteristic and function of biomolecule, protein synthesis, mutation, gene and genome, mechanism of gene expression, cell cycle and regulation, molecular biology and immune systems, genetic engineering, molecular techniques, micro-techniques and application for conservation biology
KACB 305 Animal Diversity and Systematics 2(1-2-3)
Introduction to evolution, diversity of aquatic and terrestrial animal, amphibian, reptile, avian, endemic animal species especially in limestone mountain range, concept in animal systematics, evidence and tools in systematic, and benefits of plant systematic in conservation
KACB 311 Environmental Science 3(3-0-6)
Concepts in environmental science, biotic and abiotic factors, population, dynamics, community of living things, ecosystem, impacts of human to natural resources, pollution and management
KACB 314 Biostatistics 3(3-0-6)
Biological data; Sampling methods; Descriptive statistics; Probability distribution; Sampling distribution; Estimation; Hypothesis testing; Completely randomized design (CRD), Randomized complete block design (RCBD) and Analysis of variance (ANOVA); Chi-square test; Regression; Correlation; Non-parametric statistics; Data analysis by statistical software
KACB 315 Principles of Evolution 3(3-0-6)
Origin of evolution and synopsis of evolution theory; biological variation and genetic polymorphism; natural selection and adaptation including social behavior; population genetics and gene frequencies; species concept and speciation; molecular evolution; plant and animal evolution; human evolution and coevolution
KACB 331 Plant Ecology 3(2-3-5)
Relationship between plant and ecosystem, plant distribution, plant ecophysiology, plant population ecology, plant community ecology, plant ecosystem ecology, plant landscape ecology and plant biosphere ecology
KACB 401 Conservation Biology in Practices 3(3-0-6)
Practical applications of conservation biology and human concerns; management to achieve conservation goal; planning and implementing conservation management; restoration ecology; application of genetic and demography in conservation; ecology, politics, and economics for decision making in conservation; related current issues/studies
KACB 442 Geographic Information System in Conservation Biology 3(2-3-5)
Definition and type of data in geographic information system, data input, verification, storage and input, spatial analysis, error and quality control. Laboratory exercises include application of geographic information system in biodiversity conservation
KACB 491 Seminar in Conservation Biology I 1(0-3-1)
Individual presentation and discussion of the research or review of the topics of current interest in conservation biology
KACB 492 Seminar in Conservation Biology II 1(0-3-1)
Individual presentation and discussion of the research or review of the topics of current interest in conservation biology
KACB 496 Project in Conservation Biology 4(0-12-0)
Small research project in conservation biology under supervision of an advisor
KACB 325 Animal Behavior 3(2-3-5)
Process and mechanism of behavior, motivation, development and learning, sex, courtship and mating systems, social behavior. Field trips are included
KACB 326 Biogeography 3(3-0-6)
The principles of past and present geographical distribution of plants and animals on land and in fresh and marine water, factors limiting distribution of plants and animals, origin of continents and evolution of plants and animals including the relationship between organisms and environments
KACB 327 Environmental Pollution 3(3-0-6)
Ecology; Environmental Science; Environmental Pollution; Air Pollution; Global Warming and Ozone hole; Water pollution; Soil Pollution; Pesticide Pollution; Noise Pollution; Radioactive Pollution; Solid waste management; Heavy metal pollution; Environmental Policy and Law; Green technology; Environmental restoration and Sustainable development
KACB 328 Freshwater Biology 3(2-3-5)
The distributions of aquatic organisms and environmental factors in ecology of lotic and lentic habitats, ecology of invertebrates, phytoplankton, zooplankton, algae, aquatic plants, protozoa, and fish, and their adaptation; energy transfer; community structure; and their relationship to environment; impact of human activities on freshwater resources; laboratory including field trips and identifications of freshwater organisms, their community structure and technique of sampling in the field
KACB 329 Malacology 3(2-3-5)
Classification, morphology, taxonomy, structures and functions of body system of mollusks, medical and economic importance of mollusks, ecology and evolution of mollusks, and laboratory and field trip
KACB 330 Principles of Animal Physiology 3(2-3-5)
Theory and laboratory about the functions of organ systems in human and animals, metabolism and mechanism of osmoregulation
KACB 332 Principles of Plant Physiology 3(2-3-5)
Structure and function of plant cells, membrane transport, respiration, photosynthesis, form and function of plant, plant growth and development, flowering, seed germination, seedling development, plant hormones, responses of plants to the environments, soils and plant nutrition, movement of water and solutes, applications of principles of plant physiology
KACB 333 Mammalogy 3(2-3-5)
Origin and evolution of mammals, morphology, physiology, behavior, classification, ecology, geographic distribution, mammal diseases, importance of mammals and their utilization. Laboratory exercises
KACB 336 Fish taxonomy 3(2-3-5)
Classification of fish, principles of classification, general morphology used to identify to fish families, characteristics of fish family and species, systematic of fish classification
KACB 337 General Parasitology 3(2-3-5)
General concept of parasitology, host and parasite relation, morphology, geographic distribution, life cycles, epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and controlling of parasitic protozoas, trematodes, cestodes, nematodes and arthropods, principle of entomology and malacology relate to parasitology, the important parasites in wildlife and zoonotic parasites
KACB 338 Marine Ecology 3(2-3-5)
Marine organisms, types of environment in the sea, relationship between marine organisms and their environment, marine ecosystem structure and function, nutrient cycle, energy transfer, marine community structure and function, utilization of marine natural resources and conservation
KACB 339 Microtechniques in Biology 3(2-3-5)
Microscopes, Theory of preparing plant and animal samples for microscopic examination, Practices of preparing whole mount, Procedure for preparing permanent slide of plant and animal tissues for microscope including fixation, dehydration, sectioning by microtome, staining, clearing and labeling
KACB 340 Water Quality Laboratory 1(0-3-1)
Introduction to methods for determination of water and wastewater characteristics, sample collection and preservation, skill practices for reliable analysis of water quality and wastewater characteristics, basis instrumentation applications, laboratory analysis of water and wastewater characteristics e.g. pH, solids, DO, BOD, COD, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc. data interpretation and chemical coagulation, water softening and activated carbon adsorption
KACB 341 Essential Environmental Law 3(3-0-6)
Background of environmental law, law and legislation principle, national environmental laws and regulations, poisonous substance acts, international environmental law, requirements for preparing environmental impact assessment, environmental debate case study, environmental organization, relationships and roles of environmental organizations
KACB 395 Plant Taxonomy 3(2-3-5)
Definition of plant taxonomy, history of plant taxonomy, plant nomenclature, terminology of flowering plants, orders and families of flowering plants, evolution, variation. Laboratory exercises i.e. plant collection, preservation, and classifications
KACB 396 Ornithology 3(2-3-5)
Origin and evolution of birds, flight, morphology, physiology, behavior, population, migration, geographical distribution, importance and conservation of birds, bird identification, laboratory and field trips
KACB 397 Animal Taxonomy 3(2-3-5)
History of taxonomy, species concepts, roles of taxonomy, species taxon, rule of zoological nomenclature, numerical methods of phylogeny inference, population variants, speciation. Collections and identification laboratories
KACB 413 Environmental Education and Communication for conservation 3(3-0-6)
Goals and definitions of environmental education and communication; basic concepts in conservation behavior; Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior relationship; formal and informal environmental education for both children and adults; application of marketing techniques for increasing conservation-related behavior; design and application of environmental education and communication for sustainable development
KACB 414 Restoration Ecology 3(3-0-6)
Definitions, significances, principles and concepts related to restoration ecology, relationships between restoration and conservation biology, restoration focused on plants, animals, ecosystems, landscapes, and physical resources, organization levels of restoration, impacts of invasive species, guidelines for planning and monitoring restoration program, and related current issues/studies
KACB 420 General Entomology 3(2-3-5)
Insect morphology, physiology, reproduction, development and metamorphosis, taxonomy and nomenclature, theorem of human-insect relationship, and other arthropods. Collection and taxonomy laboratories
KACB 421 Insect Ecology 3(3-0-6)
Importance of insects, interaction between insect and other organisms, insect behavior, trophic relationships i.e. plant and insect herbivore relationships, interactions between prey and predator, parasite and host interactions and analysis of insect and environmental factors
KACB 431 Dendrology and Economics of Woody Plant 3(2-3-5)
Sample collection, classification, identification, morphology, ecology, variation, description, utilization, value, plantation, economics toward sustainable utilization, and practice in sample collection and identification of trees and woody plant
KACB 432 Diversity of Pollen and Spore 3(2-3-5)
Pollen-pistil interaction, types of pollen production and dispersion, pollen/spore morphology in each tropical plant families and its role in taxonomy
KACB 433 Diversity of Ferns and Fern Allies in Tropical Forest 3(2-3-5)
Diversity and taxonomy of ferns and fern allies in the tropical forest, ethnobotany of ferns, distribution and ecology in tropical forest
KACB 434 Ichthyology 3(2-3-5)
Biodiversity of fish, morphology of marine and freshwater fish, Chondrichthyes or Cartilaginous Fish, Osteichthyes or Bony fish, Classification of scales, External and internal organs and its structures, Ecology and distribution of fish, and Identification of fish
KACB 435 Conservation Genetics 3(2-3-5)
Genetic diversity, evolution in large populations, evolution in small populations, maintenance of genetic diversity, loss of genetic diversity in small populations, loss of genetic diversity in small populations, inbreeding and loss of fitness, resolving taxonomic uncertainties, genetic markers, genetic management of threatened species, wildlife forensic, and molecular biology techniques and analysis for measuring genetic diversity, species identification, individual identification and sexing of endangered wildlife species
KACB 436 Advanced Wildlife Research Techniques 3(2-3-5)
Study principles and practices, techniques for wildlife and long-term ecological research, species and sex identification, individual identification, population size estimation, sample collection and preservation, and smart patrol, setting up long-term ecological plot, tagging, camera trapping, using genetic resources, marking-recapturing, dung counting, and transect survey
KACB 437 River Basin Management 3(3-0-6)
Types of river basins, river basin management problems, principles of water resources management, farm water management, irrigation water management, river basin water management, integrated water management, sustainable water management, crisis water management, water management in nation and international scale, learning water management in local and large scale prototype
KACB 438 Environmental Management 3(3-0-6)
Basic concepts of environmental system and management issues and priorities, dynamic approach and system analysis, environmental standards and criteria setting, environmental aspect analysis at source, sink and pathways, monitoring of pollutants in environment: soil, water, and air, environmental indication and indices, environmental information systems, environmental organization, guidelines, and preventive measures based on enforcement and economic aspects, environmental accreditation, EMS and ISO, integrated pollution prevention, case studies of environmental system and management
KACB 439 Scientific Media for Nature Appreciation 3(2-3-5)
Principles and practices in scientific drawing, photography, video recording, short movie production, writing articles, website creation and other modern techniques for engaging appreciation in the diversity of life and composition of nature
KACB 440 Introduction to Ethnobotany 3(3-0-6)
Medicinal plant species, product from medicinal plant, local wisdom in utilization of medicinal plant, plant collection, taxonomy, preservation, and basic chemistry of medicinal plant
KACB 441 Ecotourism Planning and Management 3(3-0-6)
Definition and importance of ecotourism, importance of natural resources and conservation to ecotourism, impacts of ecotourism activity to ecosystem, ecotourism area planning and design
KACB 443 Current Topics in Conservation Biology 2(2-0-4)
Current topic, current status about biodiversity conservation natural resources and the environment such as the United Nation Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), ASEAN Economic Community (AEC).
KACB 444 Special Problems in Conservation Biology 2(1-3-3)
Problems of interested in conservation biology, questioning, literature reviews, design inquiry activities, discussion, presentation and suggestion.
KACB 447 Ecology of Wetlands 3(2-3-5)
Definition and identification of wetlands, wetland hydrology, nutrient cycling and energy flow in wetland ecosystem, organism adaptation in wetland ecosystem, human impacts and management of wetlands, laws and wetland convention. Laboratory exercises and field trips are included
KACB 449 Herpetology 3(2-3-5)
Origin and evolution, classification, diversity, distribution, development, morphology, anatomy, physiology, behavior, ecology, importance and conservation of amphibians and reptiles. Laboratory exercises are included
KACB 464 Ecology of Tropical Forests 3(2-3-5)
Importance of tropical forests, tropical forest ecosystem and biodiversity, biotic and abiotic factors in tropical forest ecosystem, structure and function of tropical forest ecosystem, impacts of forest fire, and biodiversity loss. Field laboratories on the survey and classification are included